Sedi Nyanata :: Negation in the Aorist Tense

In this post we're going to look at a lot of examples of the first and most basic Igbo tense - The Aorist.

This tense is what you're going to use most of the time to make simple Igbo sentences.

This post will explain how to negate in the aorist tense.

Here we go.

Look at the following sentences.


Fa fu nni.  - They saw (some) food.

The verb root root in this sentence is "fu" (see).

In English, the negative version of this sentence would  be "They DID NOT see (some) food."

Igbo isn't like English. .... At all.

In Igbo, verbs are made negative by means of Suffixes.

If you don't know what a suffix is, a Suffix is a grammatical particle that is attached to the end of a verb or verb root to change its meaning.

Igbo has A LOT of suffixes.

In fact, practically EVERYTHING in Igbo involves suffixes and prefixes of some sort.


Now back to the topic.

In Igbo, in order to make a verb in the aorist tense negative, you add the suffix -ro  to the verb root.

In the sentence "Fa fu nni", the verb root is "fu" (see).

To make this negative, we add -ro to this verb root, making "furo".

Now plug that back into the sentence, and you've made the sentence negative.


Fa fu nni (they saw food) = Fa FURO nni (they DID NOT see food)

Pretty easy huh?

Grammar 6: The Aorist Tense :: Sedi Nyanata

In the last post we briefly mentioned Sedi Nyanata ( the Aorist Tense)*.

This post is going to be all about the Aorist Tense ( you don't have to memorize the Igbo name) so hang tight.

The Aorist Tense, despite being the simplest and most basic of all the Igbo tenses, is a very tricky thing to define.

The easiest way to explain it is to compare it to another language.

Let us compare Igbo tenses with the following languages - English and Japanese.

English  has three main tenses - Present, Past, and Future

This is very familiar. I buy, I bought, and I will buy.


Japanese on the other hand has only TWO main tenses - Past and Not-the-Past (or Non-Past)

Past - Inu deshita ( It was a dog )

Not-the-Past - Inu desu (It is a dog ... or it will be a dog )

In other words, anything you say in Japanese, that is not expressly in past tense, could be happening now, or some time in the future.


So, how is this related to Igbo?

Simple.

Igbo is just like Japanese. It has only TWO main tenses.

The only difference between Igbo and Japanese is that, while Japanese is divided into Past and Not-the-Past, Igbo is divided into Future and Not-the-Future.

Future - O ga bu nkita ( It will be a dog)

Not-the-Future - O bu nkita (It is a dog .... or it was a dog )

This means that anything you say in Igbo that is not expressly in the Future could be happening now, or it may have happened yesterday or at some other time in the past.

This tense group that I've been referring to as "Not-the-Future" is what is called The Aorist Tense.

The Aorist Tense is a special tense in which whatever you are saying could be happening presently or it could have happened in the past.



* - [ Sedi = Tense; Nya na Ta = Yesterday and Today ]

Syntax 1: Putting It All Together

Now that we've talked a little about verbs and nouns and pronouns, you need to know how to stitch all those elements together to form a coherent sentence!

To make things simple, this first syntax lesson will deal only with how to make sentences in the Aorist Tense.

We haven't discussed the Aorist Tense yet, (we will in the next post!) but all you need to know for now is that it is the most common tense used in Igbo and it is the easiest of all the tenses.

Now on to sentence making.

The general sentence structure in Igbo is S-P-P-V-S-O-A

Don't be scared.

This stands for:-

Subject - Particle - Prefix- Verb ( root ) - Suffix - Object - Auxiliary

The key above shows you the general order in which all these elements should go when making a sentence in Igbo.

Let's try it!

Subject	Particle	Prefix	Verb Root	Suffix	Object	Auxiliary
Listen   Emeka	na	e	nye	kwa	fa	enye

This table above is an example of an sentence that contains all these elements.

However, as you go from tense to tense, you will see that some of these grammatical elements will be dropped (or added) depending on what tense you are using or what you are trying to say.

Now that you have an idea of the main structure of an Igbo sentence, let's look at the table again as it should appear for the Aorist Tense.

Subject	Particle	Prefix	Verb Root	Suffix	Object	Auxiliary
Listen   Emeka			nye		fa

Aorist sentence

Notice the difference?

As mentioned before, the Aorist Tense is the simplest tense (and most common) in Igbo so its sentence structure is very basic.

In this sentence, there is no Particle, no Prefix, no Suffix, and no Auxiliary.

It's just Subject, Verb (root), and Object.

Emeka (the subject), gave/gives (the verb), them (the object).

Easy peasy lemon squeezy!

That's all there is to it.

To make your first basic sentence, just put in a subject (the party performing the action), a verb (the action being performed), and an object (the party receiving the action or upon whom the action is being performed).

Since we already have a list of nouns, pronouns, verbs and other vocabulary, let's try and make some simple Aorist Tense sentences using the formula we've learned above.

Subject	Particle	Prefix	Verb Root	Suffix	Object	Auxiliary
Listen   Anyi			we		uno
Listen   Nwaanyi			gote		nni
Listen   Madu			je		afia
O			di		ndu
Listen   Unu			me		ya
Listen   Nkechi			rapu		olu
Listen   Fa			we		mili

Grammar 5 : Personal Pronouns Part 1 - Subject and Object Pronouns

Pronouns are some of the most commonly encountered elements in most languages.

Personal pronouns stand in for people when you don't know their names, don't want to mention names too often, or are simply trying to gossip about people but can't get away from them quickly enough.

In some languages, you don't use personal pronouns a whole lot (e.g. Japanese .... although, "you" is used a lot, but other pronouns not so much)

Igbo isn't like those languages. Igbo LOVES its pronouns and the personal variety are no exception.

So, without further ado, let's look at the first set of pronouns that every successful Igbo learner needs to know.

Subject Pronouns

These are the pronouns that indicate who is performing the action.

Here they are below:

English	Igbo
I	M (when the next word begins with B, M,P, or F ) N (for all other words)
You (singular)	I (pronounced "eeee")
He / She / It	O (pronounced "o" as in Hot)
We	Anyi
You (plural)	Unu
They	Fa

Object Pronouns

These are the pronouns that indicate who is receiving the action.

Here they are below:

English	Igbo
Me	M (Pronounced like Mmm )
You (singular)	Gi (sometimes "I" if you want to sound really casual)
He / She / It	Ya
Us	Anyi
You (plural)	Unu
They	Fa

And now you know...

In the next lesson I'll explain how to put all the things we've learned so far together into your first complete sentence!

Grammar 4: The Ubiqitious Verb "To Be"

If you're reading this, chances are you've already met our enigmatic friend, the verb 'To Be'. If you haven't, go back to Grammar 3, and check him out, then come back here.

This post is about the verb To Be's most common manifestation, the "Ọọ" form. Specifically, Ọọ is a form of the "Ibụ" variant of the verb "To Be".

The "Ọọ" form is a form of the verb To Be that means "It is" or "It was"

It is the simplest way to make a sentence in Igbo and really really easy.

The form is "Ọọ XYZ" where XYZ is any word.

It translates to "It is XYZ." or "It was XYZ."

Okay, let's try it out.

In the last post, we looked at some common Igbo nouns that are encountered in every day speech.

We'll use three of them in our examples below.

Listen   Mili - Water

Listen   Afia - Market

Listen   Nwoke - Man


Examples:

Listen   Ọọ mili - It is water / It was water

Listen   Ọọ nwoke - It is a man / It was a man | It is men / It was men

Listen   Ọọ afia - It is a market / It was a market


It's that easy!

Just put Ọọ before any word to form a sentence.

Vocabulary 2: The 20 Most Common Nouns in Igbo

Here's a list of the twenty most common nouns in Igbo. These are words that you hear every day, so learn them quickly and you'll be eavesdropping on Igbo conversations in no time.

#	Noun	Tone	Meaning	Listen
1.	Madụ	HIGH-LOW	Person / People	Madụ
2.	Nwa	HIGH	Baby / Child	Nwa
3.	Ụzọ	HIGH-LOW	Way / Path / Road	Ụzọ
4.	Ifẹ	HIGH-HIGH	Thing	Ifẹ
5.	Nwoke	HIGH-MID	Man	Nwoke
6.	Nwaanyi	MID-LOW	Woman	Nwaanyi
7.	Anya	HIGH-HIGH	Eye	Anya
8.	Aka	HIGH-HIGH	Hand	Aka
9.	Nni	HIGH-HIGH	Food	Nni
10.	Mili	HIGH-MID	Water	Mili
11.	Ẹbẹ	HIGH-HIGH	Place	Ẹbẹ
12.	Ndụ	HIGH-LOW	Life	Ndụ
13.	Arọ	HIGH-LOW	Year	Arọ
14.	Ọlụ	HIGH-HIGH	Work	Ọlụ
15.	Akwa	HIGH-LOW	Clothes / Cloth / Fabric	Akwa
16.	Nsogbu	HIGH-LOW-MID	Trouble / Problem	Nsogbu
17.	Afia	HIGH-HIGH	Market	Afia
18.	Ụnọ	HIGH-LOW	Building / House	Ụnọ
19.	Bẹ	HIGH	Home	Bẹ
20.	Ọnụ	HIGH-HIGH	Mouth	Ọnụ

Practically 70% of all Igbo spoken involves these nouns in some way, shape, or form. You can't go wrong learning these to start with.

Vocabulary 1: The 20 Most Common Verbs in Igbo

Ever wondered what the most common words in the Igbo language are? Now's your chance to find out.

Here's a list of the twenty most common verbs in the Igbo language. Knowing the verbs on this list inside out is ABSOLUTELY essential to being able to communicate in Igbo. These are the verbs without knowledge of which your life in a purely Igbo speaking region would be completely miserable so learn them as quickly as possible.

#	Infinitive	Root	Meaning	Listen
1.	Ibụ	Bụ	To Be	Ibụ
2.	Idi	Di	To Be	Idi
3.	Iwẹ	Wẹ	To Have, To Get, To Take	Iwẹ
4.	Imẹ	Mẹ	To Do, To Make	Imẹ
5.	Isi	Si	To Say	Isi
6.	Ijẹ	Jẹ	To Go	Ijẹ
7.	Ima	Ma	To Know	Ima
8.	Ifụ	Fụ	To See	Ifụ
9.	Ibia	Bia	To Come	Ibia
10.	Ichẹ	Chẹ	To Think, To Wait For	Ichẹ
11.	Inẹ	Nẹ	To Look	Inẹ
12.	Ichọ	Chọ	To Want, To Look For, To Find	Ichọ
13.	Inyẹ	Nyẹ	To Give	Inyẹ
14.	Iji	Ji	To Use, To Hold	Iji
15.	Igwa	Gwa	To Tell	Igwa
16.	Ijụ	Jụ	To Ask, To Refuse	Ijụ
17.	Ilu	Lu	To Work, To Build	Ilu
18.	Ili	Li	To Eat	Ili
19.	Irapụ	Rapụ	To Leave	Rapụ
20.	Ikpọ	Kpọ	To Call	Ikpọ

Practically 70% of all Igbo spoken involves these verbs in some way, shape, or form. You can't go wrong learning these to start with.

Grammar 3: The Mysterious Verb "To Be"

In Grammar 2, I talked about the Infinitive. Now you may or may not have noticed, but missing in the list of verbs I gave in the last post was one of the commonest verbs in any language, much less Igbo: The verb "To Be".

I deliberately omitted the verb "To Be" from the list because the verb "To Be"s situation in Igbo is very complicated .... to say the least.

While in English there is only one verb "To Be", the Igbo version of the verb is an international master of disguise.

It has many forms and lurks in many shadowy corners waiting to jump out at you when you didn't even realise it was in the sentence. And when you think you need it to say something? It simply isn't there.

Needless to say, the Igbo verb "To Be" is not to be taken lightly and requires the utmost attention.

Here are the three most common forms "To Be" in Igbo, but by no means, the only ones.

Listen   Ibụ - To be

Listen   Idi - To be

Listen   Inọ - To be


Telling the difference: 

If you're familiar with the Spanish language (a language which like Igbo has more than one form of the verb To Be) understanding the difference between the three above will be pretty obvious to you. For the rest of you, here's how you tell the difference:

As a rule of thumb,

Ibụ  - expresses identity, essential qualities, personality, occupation, and origin.

Listen   Identity  - She is a Nigerian (Ọ bụ onye Naijiriya)
Listen   Essential Qualities - I am a woman (M bụ  nwaanyi)
Listen   Occupation - You (all) are doctors (Unu bụ  dibia )
Listen   Origin - They are from Anambra ( Fa bụ  ndi Anambara)


Idi - expresses condition, characteristics, emotions, and TEMPORARY location

Listen   Condition - It is alive  ( Ọ di ndụ  )
Listen   Characteristics - You are tall ( I di ogonogo )
Listen   Emotions - He is happy (Ọ di anwụli )
Listen   Temporary location - It is there (Ọ di ẹbẹ a)


Inọ - expresses SEMI-PERMANENT and PERMANENT location

Listen   More Permanent Location - She is in Abuja  (Ọ nọ  Abuja)

There are of course other forms of the Verb not shown here. 

Its most common form, the "Ọọ" form will be discussed in the next lesson.

Grammar 2: The Infinitive

The Igbo Infinitive is a verb form representing 'to + any action'.

In Igbo, The Infinitive is formed by adding any verb root to the suffix " i " (pronounced ee - high toned).

Igbo Infinitive =  i + Verb Root

For instance, the infinitive of the verb root bia would be Ibia ( i + bia ).

Below is a list of verb roots and their infinitive forms showing how to form the Infinitive.

Verb Root	Infinitive	Meaning	Listen
Bia	Ibia	To Come	Ibia
Wẹ	Iwẹ	To Have, To Get, To Take
Mẹ	Imẹ	To Do, To Make
Si	Isi	To Say
Jẹ	Ijẹ	To Go
Ma	Ima	To Know
Nyẹ	Inyẹ	To Give
Chẹ	Ichẹ	To Think
Nẹ	Inẹ	To Look
Fụ	Ifụ	To See
Jụ	Ijụ	To Ask, To Refuse

Now you know how to form the Infinitive. It's really really easy. Whenever you want to say "To do something" you just add the infinitive marker "i" to the verb root!

"i" (infinitive marker) + "chẹ" (verb root meaning 'Think')

=

ichẹ

(To think)

Grammar 1: Igbo Sounds :: Mkpọtụ Igbo

Where do you start when you want to learn a language?

At the beginning of course!

You can't learn Igbo if you don't know the sounds that make up the Igbo language so this is probably one of the most important lessons to learn.

Igbo is made up of consonant sounds and vowel sounds.

The consonant sounds are not a big deal, it's the vowels you should keep an eye out for. 

Because Igbo is a tonal language, each of the vowels have different tones (ranging from high to low).

The most common tones are High and Low, but occasionally, you'll come across a tricky mid tone that is always rising.

Vowel Sounds

Listen   A (AH) as in Cat	Listen   E (AY) as in Fame	Listen   Ẹ (EH) as in Bed
Listen   I (EE) as in Pin	Listen   O (O) as in Show	Listen   Ọ (O) as in Hot
Listen   Ụ (U) as in Put	Listen   U (UU)as in Shoot

Consonant Sounds

B (as in Bee)	Listen   CH (as in Chair)	D (as in Dog)	F (as in Food)	G (as in Goat)
Listen   GB (as in Gbenga)	Listen   GH (as in Ghee)	Listen   GW (as in Guido)	H (as in House)	J (as in Jump)
K (as in Kangaroo)	Listen   KP	Listen   KW (as in Queen)	L	M
N	Listen   NW	Listen   NY	P	R
S	Listen   SH	T	V	W
Y	Z (as in Zebra)

These are the basic sounds needed to speak Igbo